{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:32:04Z","timestamp":1781782324825,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,24]],"date-time":"2011-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries most frequently occur under the large loads associated with a unipedal jump landing involving a cutting or pivoting maneuver. We tested the hypotheses that internal tibial torque would increase the anteromedial (AM) bundle ACL relative strain and strain rate more than would the corresponding external tibial torque under the large impulsive loads associated with such landing maneuvers. Twelve cadaveric female knees [mean (SD) age: 65.0 (10.5) years] were tested. Pretensioned quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscle\u2010tendon unit forces maintained an initial knee flexion angle of 15\u00b0. A compound impulsive test load (compression, flexion moment, and internal or external tibial torque) was applied to the distal tibia while recording the 3D knee loads and tibofemoral kinematics. AM\u2010ACL relative strain was measured using a 3\u2009mm DVRT. In this repeated measures experiment, the Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test was used to test the null hypotheses with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 considered significant. The mean (\u00b1SD) peak AM\u2010ACL relative strains were 5.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7% and 3.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8% under internal and external tibial torque, respectively. The corresponding mean (\u00b1 SD) peak AM\u2010ACL strain rates reached 254.4\u2009\u00b1\u2009160.1%\/s and 179.4\u2009\u00b1\u2009109.9%\/s, respectively. The hypotheses were supported in that the normalized mean peak AM\u2010ACL relative strain and strain rate were 70 and 42% greater under internal than under external tibial torque, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041). We conclude that internal tibial torque is a potent stressor of the ACL because it induces a considerably (70%) larger peak strain in the AM\u2010ACL than does a corresponding external tibial torque. \u00a9 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. \u00a9 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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