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Osteoporosis was induced in 19 ewes using ovariectomy, low calcium diet, and steroid injection. After induction, the steroid was withdrawn and pellets containing inert carrier with rhBMP\u20102 in either slow or fast\u2010release formulation were implanted into the lumbar vertebrae of each animal. After 2, 3, and 6 months the spines were harvested and assessed for changes in BMD and histomorphometric indices. BMD did not change after cessation of steroid treatment. After 2 months BV\/TV increased in the vicinity of the pellets containing the fast\u2010release rhBMP\u20102 and was sustained for the duration of the study. Focal voids surrounding all implants, particularly the slow\u2010release formulation, were observed initially but resolved with time. Increased BV\/TV adjacent to rhBMP\u20102 pellets suggests it could be used for localized treatment of osteoporosis. Refinement of the delivery system and supplementary treatments may be necessary to overcome the initial catabolic effects of rhBMP\u20102. \u00a9 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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