{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:54:25Z","timestamp":1791186865848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"South Carolina Space Grant Palmetto Academy"},{"name":"NIH","award":["K25 HL09228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25 HL09228"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["T32 CA113267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 CA113267"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Ionizing radiation therapy is a crucial treatment for cancer, but can damage surrounding normal tissues. Damage to articular cartilage leading to arthropathy can occur at irradiated sites. It is unclear whether this response is due to damaging surrounding skeletal structures or direct effects on cartilage. In this study, we showed that irradiation with 2\u2009Gy of X\u2010rays causes a significant reduction in the stiffness of porcine explants 1 week post\u2010irradiation. By using both microindentation and indentation\u2010type atomic force microscopy, ionizing radiation reduces stiffness in both the superficial zone, and throughout the entire thickness of the tissue. Young's modulus values were 75% and 60% lower in 2\u2009Gy irradiated samples when compared with controls using microindentation and nanoindentation, respectively. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) released into the culture media of irradiated samples was nearly 100% greater at 24\u2009h after exposure. While collagen content in the tissue is similar between groups, GAG content is 55% lower in irradiated explants compared with controls 7 days after exposure. Therefore, the irradiated explants are unable to recover from the initial loss of GAGs by 1 week. This acute loss of GAGs is a likely contributor to the reduction in modulus seen after exposure to ionizing radiation. \u00a9 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1780\u20131785, 2013<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T05:48:09Z","timestamp":1375422489000},"page":"1780-1785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of low dose X\u2010ray irradiation on porcine articular cartilage explants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Carl Alexander","family":"Lindburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Clemson University 301 Rhodes Research Center Clemson South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Willey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Clemson University 301 Rhodes Research Center Clemson South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(03)01191-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095956"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.10338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.20.2587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1463.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749060-00013","article-title":"Arthropathies after irradiation","volume":"49","author":"Kol\u00e1r J","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B6.7593093","article-title":"Total hip replacement in irradiated hips. 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