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Human calvarial osteoblasts were grown in modified plastic Cooper dishes in which the cells could be exposed to various capacitively coupled electric fields. The optimal duration of stimulation and optimal duration of response to the electrical field, and the optimal amplitude, frequency and duty cycle were all determined for each of the genes analyzed. Results indicated that a capacitively coupled electric field of 60\u2009kHz, 20\u2009mV\/cm, 50% duty cycle for 2\u2009h duration per day significantly up\u2010regulated mRNA expression of a number of transforming growth factor (TGF)\u2010\u03b2 family genes (bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)\u20102 and \u20104, TGF\u2010\u03b21, \u2010 \u03b22 and \u2010\u03b23) as well as fibroblast growth factor (FGF)\u20102, osteocalcin (BGP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Protein levels of BMP\u20102 and \u20104, and TGF\u2010\u03b21 and \u2010 \u03b22 were also elevated. The clinical relevance of these findings in the context of a noninvasive treatment modality for delayed union and nonunion fracture healing is discussed. \u00a9 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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