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In this study, we investigate the role of spontaneous prenatal movements in joint morphogenesis using pharmacological immobilization of developing chicks, and assess the system as a suitable model for early\u2010onset hip dysplasia. We show that, prior to joint cavitation, the lack of dynamic muscle contractions has little impact on the shape of the hip joint. However, after the timepoint at which cavitation occurs, a dramatic effect on hip joint morphogenesis was observed. Effects in the immobilized chicks included flattening of the proximal femur, abnormal orientation of the pelvis relative to the femur and abnormal placement and coverage of the acetabulum. Although many clinical case studies have identified reduced or restricted movement as a risk factor for DDH, this study provides the first experimental evidence of the role of prenatal movements in early hip joint development. We propose that the immobilized chick embryo serves as a suitable model system for the type of early\u2010onset DDH which arises due to neuromuscular conditions such as spinal muscular atrophy. \u00a9 2014 The Authors. <jats:italic>Journal of Orthopaedic Research<\/jats:italic> Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:777\u2013785, 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T11:28:53Z","timestamp":1393846133000},"page":"777-785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Immobilized chicks as a model system for early\u2010onset developmental dysplasia of the hip"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Niamh C.","family":"Nowlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL\u2010CRG Systems Biology Program Centre for Genomic Regulation UPF Dr. Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikesh","family":"Chandaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBL\u2010CRG Systems Biology Program Centre for Genomic Regulation UPF Dr. Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-59"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0120-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000243546.97830.a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00720"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000010102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000040302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.2.1732970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"The embryology of the human hip joint","volume":"16","author":"Strayer LM","year":"1943","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2740"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.55B4.780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001950404","article-title":"A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951","volume":"195","author":"Hamburger V","year":"1951","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401590102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1389.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"The effects of paralysis on skeletal development in the chick embryo. 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