{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:56:52Z","timestamp":1789808212912,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Hospital of Brest"},{"name":"French Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER)"},{"name":"French Society of Research in Children with Disabilities (SFERHE)"},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that gleno\u2010humeral deformity in children and adolescent with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy is three\u2010dimensional (3D). The study also compared the metrological properties of typical two\u2010dimensional gleno\u2010humeral measures to the newly developed 3D measures. Thirteen individuals (age\u2009=\u200911.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3 years) with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy participated in this IRB\u2010approved study. 3D axial magnetic resonance images were acquired for both shoulders. Glenoid and humeral models were created in order to quantify 3D glenoid version, humeral head migration, and glenoid concavity. Two\u2010dimensional (2D) measures were acquired as recommended in the literature. All measures were completed by two observers in this observer\u2010blind study. Compared to the non\u2010involved side, the glenoid was more retroverted (7.91\u00b0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and inferiorly oriented (7.28\u00b0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). The humeral head was migrated more posteriorly (5.54\u2009mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007), inferiorly (\u22123.96\u2009mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013), and medially (\u22123.63\u2009mm,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Eleven of the 13 glenoids were concave, based on the 3D glenoid models. The concurrent validity between three\u2010 and 2D measures were highly dependent of the parameter measured, the slice level used for the 2D analysis, and the presence\/absence of pathology (0.63\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.91). The standard error of measurement for the 2D anterior\u2013posterior version (&gt;3\u00b0) was larger than that for the 3D measure of version (&lt;1\u00b0) on the involved side. This study clearly demonstrated that the gleno\u2010humeral deformation in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy is 3D, emphasizing the need for 3D subject specific gleno\u2010humeral shape analysis for follow\u2010up and treatment plans in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. \u00a9 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:675\u2013682, 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,12]],"date-time":"2015-09-12T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1442069802000},"page":"675-682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Three dimensionality of gleno\u2010humeral deformities in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Brochard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section Rehabilitation Medicine Department National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine Department University Hospital of Brest Brest France"},{"name":"LaTIM, INSERM U1101 Brest France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Mozingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional and Applied 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