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Proteoglycan\u20104 (PRG4) is a boundary lubricant found in the synovial fluid that provides chondroprotection to articular surfaces. Inflammation of the diarthrodial joint modulates local PRG4 concentration. Thus, we measured the effects of inflammation, with Interleukin\u20101\u03b1 (IL\u20101\u03b1) incubation, upon boundary lubrication and PRG4 expression in bovine cartilage explants. We further aimed to determine whether the addition of exogenous human recombinant PRG4 (rhPRG4) could mitigate the effects of inflammation on boundary lubrication and PRG4 expression in vitro. Cartilage explants, following a 7 day incubation with IL\u20101\u03b1, were tested in a disc\u2010on\u2010disc configuration using either rhPRG4 or saline (PBS control) as a lubricant. Following mechanical testing, explants were studied immunohistochemically or underwent RNA extraction for real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR). We found that static coefficient of friction (COF) significantly decreased to 0.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.065 from 0.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.059 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014) in IL\u20101\u03b1 stimulated explants lubricated with rhPRG4, as compared to PBS. PRG4 expression was significantly up regulated from 30.8\u2009\u00b1\u200919 copies in control explants lubricated with PBS to 3330\u2009\u00b1\u20091760 copies in control explants lubricated with rhPRG4 (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.001). Explants stimulated with IL\u20101\u03b1 displayed no increase in PRG4 expression upon lubrication with rhPRG4, but with PBS as the lubricant, IL\u20101\u03b1 stimulation significantly increased PRG4 expression compared to the control condition from 30.8\u2009\u00b1\u200919 copies to 401\u2009\u00b1\u2009340 copies (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015). Overall, these data suggest that exogenous rhPRG4 may provide a therapeutic option for reducing friction in transient inflammatory conditions and increasing PRG4 expression. \u00a9 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:580\u2013589, 2017.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T22:57:52Z","timestamp":1468450672000},"page":"580-589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Reduction of friction by recombinant human proteoglycan 4 in IL\u20101\u03b1 stimulated bovine cartilage explants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering and School of Engineering Brown University Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Research Laboratory Department of Emergency Medicine Rhode Island Hospital Providence Rhode 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