{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:52:03Z","timestamp":1793875923587,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]],"date-time":"2017-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Danish Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4005\u201000035B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4005\u201000035B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Pigs are favorable experimental animals for infectious diseases in humans. However, implant\u2010associated osteomyelitis (IAO) models in pigs have only been evaluated using high\u2010inoculum infection (&gt;10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> CFU) models in 1975 and 1993. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to present a new low inoculum porcine model of human IAO based on 42 experimental pigs. The model was created by drilling an implant cavity in the tibial bone followed by insertion of a small steel implant and simultaneous inoculation of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> bacteria (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932) or saline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910). The infected pigs were either inoculated with 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> CFU (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200926) or 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> CFU (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096). All animals were euthanized 5 days after insertion of implants. Pigs receiving the high\u2010inoculum infections showed a significantly higher volume of bone lesion, number of neutrophils around the implant, concentrations of acute phase proteins in serum, and enlargement of regional lymph nodes. A positive correlation was present between a high number of surrounding neutrophils and high values of all other parameters. Furthermore, a threshold of 40 neutrophils per 10 high power fields for the histopathological diagnosis of high grade IAO was defined. In conclusion: This paper describes a novel low\u2010inoculum <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> porcine model of IAO which was demonstrated to be reliable, reproducible and discriminative to human IAO, and represents a requested and valuable tool in orthopedic research. \u00a9 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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