{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1770883139122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Beaumont Health"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences at Lawrence Technological University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Mechanical characterization of the intervertebral disc involves labor\u2010intensive and destructive experimental methodology. Contrast\u2010enhanced micro\u2010computed tomography is a nondestructive imaging modality for high\u2010resolution visualization and glycosaminoglycan quantification of cartilaginous tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether anionic and cationic contrast\u2010enhanced micro\u2010computed tomography of the intervertebral disc can be used to indirectly assess disc mechanical properties in an ex vivo model of disc degeneration. L3\/L4 motion segments were dissected from female Lewis rats. To deplete glycosaminoglycan, samples were treated with 0\u2009U\/ml (Control) or 5\u2009U\/ml papain. Contrast\u2010enhanced micro\u2010computed tomography was performed following incubation in 40% Hexabrix (anionic) or 30\u2009mg I\/ml CA<jats:sup>4+<\/jats:sup> (cationic) for 24\u2009h (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910\/contrast agent\/digestion group). Motion segments underwent cyclic mechanical testing to determine compressive and tensile modulus, stiffness, and hysteresis. Glycosaminoglycan content was determined using the dimethylmethylene blue assay. Correlations between glycosaminoglycan content, contrast\u2010enhanced micro\u2010computed tomography attenuation, and mechanical properties were assessed via the Pearson correlation. The predictive accuracy of attenuation on compressive properties was assessed via repeated random sub\u2010sampling cross validation. Papain digestion produced significant decreases in glycosaminoglycan content and corresponding differences in attenuation and mechanical properties. Attenuation correlated significantly to glycosaminoglycan content and to all compressive mechanical properties using both Hexabrix and CA<jats:sup>4+<\/jats:sup>. Predictive linear regression models demonstrated a predictive accuracy of attenuation on compressive modulus and stiffness of 79.8\u201386.0%. Contrast\u2010enhanced micro\u2010computed tomography was highly predictive of compressive mechanical properties in an ex vivo simulation of disc degeneration and may represent an effective modality for indirectly assessing disc compressive properties. \u00a9 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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