{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:38:37Z","timestamp":1761676717124,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 AG044376-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG044376-01"]}]},{"name":"Orthopedic Research Education Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tissue engineering approaches to treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) represent a novel avenue of addressing the biologic basis of this disease. However, such approaches remain limited by their invasive nature and disruption to the annular fibrosis (AF). This study sought to explore a new minimally\u2010invasive tissue\u2010engineering approach utilizing an injection of a photopolymerizable biogel scaffold seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) directly into the nucleus pulposus (NP). This study was performed using rabbit specimens for both in vivo and in vitro outcome measures. The treatment in this study was performed by injecting 25\u2009\u03bcl of 10% (w\/v) methacrylated gelatin biogel with 0.15% (w\/v) lithium phenyl 2,4,6\u2010trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) and rabbit MSCs (1\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>) cells\/ml into the NP. Samples were then photopolymerized in situ using non\u2010ultraviolet light irradiation via a fiberoptic wire. For the in vitro arm of this study, gene expression analysis demonstrated increased anabolic activity in irradiated MSCs with and without biogel scaffolds. For the in vivo arm of this study, while GAG analysis did not demonstrate significant differences between groups, MRI analysis exhibited a trend toward improved NP matrix. Histological analysis was consistent with increased cellularity and less severe disc degeneration in the MSC\u2009+\u2009Gel group. However, osteophyte formation was noted in both Stab and MSC\u2009+\u2009Gel groups after the study period. Increased matrix gene expression of irradiated groups within in vitro studies indicates a photobiologic effect of 405\u2009nm light. Despite promising anabolic actions, osteophyte formation and AF defects could not be avoided with implementation of this minimally\u2010invasive tissue\u2010engineering approach. \u00a9 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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