{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:41:28Z","timestamp":1778312488468,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>A poor vascular supply of the fracture gap is a key factor for the development of atrophic non\u2010unions. Mineral\u2010coated microparticles (MCM) represent a sophisticated carrier system for the delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hence, we investigated whether VEGF\u2010loaded MCM improve bone repair in non\u2010unions. For this purpose, we analyzed binding and release kinetics of MCM for VEGF in vitro. Moreover, we applied VEGF\u2010loaded or \u2010unloaded MCM in a murine non\u2010union model in vivo and studied the process of bone healing by means of biomechanical, radiological, histomorphometric, and Western blot techniques. MCM\u2010free non\u2010unions served as controls. The binding efficiency of MCM for VEGF was 46\u2009\u00b1\u20093% and the release profile revealed an initial minor burst release followed by a sustained release over a 50\u2010day study period, thus, mimicking the physiological expression profile of VEGF during bone healing. In vivo, bone defects treated with VEGF\u2010loaded MCM exhibited a higher bending stiffness, a higher fraction of bone volume\/tissue volume and a larger callus area on days 14 and 70 when compared to the other groups. Western blot analyses on day 14 revealed a higher expression of VEGF, erythropoietin (EPO), and runt\u2010related transcription factor 2, but not of EPO\u2010receptor in bone defects treated with VEGF\u2010loaded MCM. These findings demonstrate that the use of MCM for VEGF delivery shows great potential due to the ability to maintain protein stability and functionality in vivo. Moreover, the application of VEGF\u2010loaded MCM represent a promising strategy for the treatment of non\u2010unions. \u00a9 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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