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Typical treatment for this disease involves surgical debridement followed by long\u2010term, systemic antibiotic administration, which contributes to the development of antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria and has limited ability to eradicate challenging biofilm\u2010forming pathogens including\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014the most common cause of osteomyelitis. Local delivery of high doses of antibiotics via traditional bone cement can reduce systemic side effects of an antibiotic. Nonetheless, growing concerns over burst release (then subtherapeutic dose) of antibiotics, along with microbial colonization of the nondegradable cement biomaterial, further exacerbate antibiotic resistance and highlight the need to engineer alternative antimicrobial therapeutics and local delivery vehicles with increased efficacy against, in particular, biofilm\u2010forming, antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria. Furthermore, limited guidance exists regarding both standardized formulation protocols and validated assays to predict efficacy of a therapeutic against multiple strains of bacteria. Ideally, antimicrobial strategies would be highly specific while exhibiting a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity. With a focus on\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, this review addresses the efficacy of novel therapeutics and local delivery vehicles, as alternatives to the traditional antibiotic regimens. The aim of this review is to discuss these components with regards to long bone osteomyelitis and to encourage positive directions for future research efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T07:33:07Z","timestamp":1586849587000},"page":"2091-2103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Therapeutics and delivery vehicles for local treatment of osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-4618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah H.","family":"Cobb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6409-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily M.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren B.","family":"Priddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States","volume":"114","author":"Frieden T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01419-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2349-2988.2018.00024.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"CDC.New CDC report: more than 100 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes.CDC Online Newsroom;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20130426-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0061-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199706000-00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01686897"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03016-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06527-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.10423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2016.2691"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199410000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149389"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Early antibiotics and debridement independently reduce infection in an open fracture model","volume":"94","author":"Penn\u2010Barwell JG","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.Kaplan"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30699\/ijp.2017.27993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00740-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"973","volume-title":"Experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis in rats: therapy with rifampin and cloxacillin alone or in combination","author":"Zak O","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. 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