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For nearly four decades, bioreactors have been used to create tendon and ligament tissue\u2010engineered constructs in order to define basic mechanisms of cell function, extracellular matrix deposition, tissue organization, injury, and tissue remodeling. This review provides a historical perspective of tendon and ligament bioreactors and their contributions to this advancing field. First, we demonstrate the need for bioreactors to improve understanding of tendon and ligament function and dysfunction. Next, we detail the history and evolution of bioreactor development and design from simple stretching of explants to fabrication and stimulation of two\u2010 and three\u2010dimensional constructs. Then, we demonstrate how research using tendon and ligament bioreactors has led to pivotal basic science and tissue\u2010engineering discoveries. Finally, we provide guidance for new basic, applied, and clinical research utilizing these valuable systems, recognizing that fundamental knowledge of cell\u2010cell and cell\u2010matrix interactions combined with appropriate mechanical and chemical stimulation of constructs could ultimately lead to functional tendon and ligament repairs in the coming decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T12:38:26Z","timestamp":1593002306000},"page":"2318-2330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A brief history of tendon and ligament bioreactors: Impact and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8708-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel A.","family":"Dyment","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 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