{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:47:13Z","timestamp":1786978033575,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early onset adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) can be found within six months after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Deficits in deep paraspinal neck muscles may be related to early onset ASD. This study aimed to determine whether the morphometry of preoperative deep neck muscles (multifidus and semispinalis cervicis) predicted early onset ASD in patients with ACDF. Thirty\u2010two cases of early onset ASD after a two\u2010level ACDF and 30 matched non\u2010ASD cases were identified from a large\u2010scale cohort. The preoperative total cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) of bilateral deep neck muscles and the lean muscle CSAs from C3 to C7 levels were measured manually on T2\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Paraspinal muscle CSA asymmetry at each level was calculated. A support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used to identify demographic, radiographic, and\/or muscle parameters that predicted proximal\/distal ASD development. No significant between\u2010group differences in demographic or preoperative radiographic data were noted (mean age: 52.4\u2009\u00b1\u200910.9 years). ACDFs comprised C3 to C5 (n\u2009=\u20099), C4 to C6 (n\u2009=\u200920), and C5 to C7 (n\u2009=\u200932) cases. Eighteen, eight, and six patients had proximal, distal, or both ASD, respectively. The SVM model achieved high accuracy (96.7%) and an area under the curve (AUC\u2009=\u20090.97) for predicting early onset ASD. Asymmetry of fat at C5 (coefficient: 0.06), and standardized measures of C7 lean (coefficient: 0.05) and total CSA measures (coefficient: 0.05) were the strongest predictors of early onset ASD. This is the first study to show that preoperative deep neck muscle CSA, composition, and asymmetry at C5 to C7 independently predicted postoperative early onset ASD in patients with ACDF. Paraspinal muscle assessments are recommended to identify high\u2010risk patients for personalized intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T11:48:06Z","timestamp":1597924086000},"page":"1732-1744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Preoperative paraspinal neck muscle characteristics predict early onset adjacent segment degeneration in anterior cervical fusion patients: A machine\u2010learning modeling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Arnold Y. 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