{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:33:59Z","timestamp":1790627639621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 AR072133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AR072133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 AR070902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 AR070902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR069006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR069006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians often examine movement patterns to design hip osteoarthritis (OA) interventions, yet traditional biomechanical analyses only report a single timepoint. Multivariate principal component analysis (MFPCA) analyzes the entire waveform (i.e., movement pattern), which clinicians observe to direct treatment. This study investigated hip OA indicators, by (1) employing MFPCA to characterize variance across the hip, knee, and ankle angles in healthy and early\u2010to\u2010moderate hip OA participants; and (2) investigating relationships between these waveform features and hip cartilage health. Bilateral hip magnetic resonance images from 72 participants with Kellgren\u2013Lawrence grades ranging from 0 to 3 were used to calculate mean <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>1\u03c1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation times in the femoral and acetabular cartilage. MFPCA was performed on lower\u2010limb gait biomechanics and used to identify primary modes of variation, which were related to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>1\u03c1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation times. Here, a MFPC\u2009=\u2009mode of variation\u2009=\u2009waveform feature. In the femoral cartilage, transverse plane MFPCs 3 and 5 and body mass index (BMI) was related to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>1\u03c1<\/jats:sub>, while MFPC 2 and BMI were related to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation times. In the acetabular cartilage, sagittal plane MFPC 1 and BMI were related to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>1\u03c1<\/jats:sub>, while BMI was related to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation times. Greater internal rotation was related to increased <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>1\u03c1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation times in the femoral cartilage, while the greater extension was related to increased <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>1\u03c1<\/jats:sub> relaxation times in the acetabular cartilage. This study established a data\u2010driven framework to assess relationships between multi\u2010joint biomechanics and quantitative assessments of cartilage health and identified waveform features that could be evaluated in future hip OA intervention studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T07:38:13Z","timestamp":1607413093000},"page":"1722-1731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multivariate functional principal component analysis identifies waveform features of gait biomechanics related to early\u2010to\u2010moderate hip osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koren E.","family":"Roach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal 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