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However, its pathophysiologic mechanisms remain unclear and there is no consensus as to the most effective treatment. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 (TGF\u2010\u03b2)\u00a0on fibrosis and inflammatory response of the shoulder joint of rat models and to explore the therapeutic effect of the peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor\u2010\u03b3 (PPAR\u2010\u03b3) agonist. In the study, the effect of PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonist CDDO\u2010IM treatment on cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix proteins synthesis (vimentin, \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and collagen III) were tested by cell proliferation test, scratches test, real\u2010time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. The frozen shoulder was also established on the rat model by injecting adenovirus\u2010TGF\u2010\u03b21 into rats' shoulder capsule. Pathological changes of the frozen shoulder tissue of the experimental group and PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonist treatment group were evaluated. The stiffness of joints of the three groups was tested. Inflammatory mediators' expression including cyclooxygenase\u20101, interleukin\u20101\u03b2, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 of the shoulder was tested by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of extracellular matrix proteins was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin\u00a0staining and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that pathological changes of the frozen shoulder in the rat model include an abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and disorder of fibrous structure, while rosiglitazone reduced the severity of the frozen shoulder in the treatment group. Clinically, PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonists may be a promising target for the treatment of the frozen shoulder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T06:19:15Z","timestamp":1606025955000},"page":"891-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pathological changes of frozen shoulder in rat model and the therapeutic effect of PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonist"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Jinfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen Second People's Hospital  Shenzhen Guangdong 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