{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:23:56Z","timestamp":1767835436369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to quantify the long\u2010term progression of blunt and sharp cartilage defects and their effect on joint homeostasis and function of the equine carpus. In nine adult Shetland ponies, the cartilage in the radiocarpal and middle carpal joint of one front limb was grooved (blunt or sharp randomized). The ponies were subjected to an 8\u2010week exercise protocol and euthanized at 39 weeks. Structural and compositional alterations in joint tissues were evaluated in vivo using serial radiographs, synovial biopsies, and synovial fluid samples. Joint function was monitored by quantitative gait analysis. Macroscopic, microscopic, and biomechanical evaluation of the cartilage and assessment of subchondral bone parameters were performed ex vivo. Grooved cartilage showed higher OARSI microscopy scores than the contra\u2010lateral sham\u2010operated controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Blunt\u2010grooved cartilage scored higher than sharp\u2010grooved cartilage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) and fixed charge density around these grooves was lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006). Equilibrium and instantaneous moduli trended lower in grooved cartilage than their controls (significant for radiocarpal joints). Changes in other tissues included a threefold to sevenfold change in interleukin\u20106 expression in synovium from grooved joints at week 23 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) and an increased CPII\/C2C ratio in synovial fluid extracted from blunt\u2010grooved joints at week 35 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010). Gait analysis outcome revealed mild, gradually increasing lameness. In conclusion, blunt and, to a lesser extent, sharp grooves in combination with a period of moderate exercise, lead to mild degeneration in equine carpal cartilage over a 9\u2010month period, but the effect on overall joint health remains limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T08:13:59Z","timestamp":1608884039000},"page":"2363-2375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Structural, compositional, and functional effects of blunt and sharp cartilage damage on the joint: A 9\u2010month equine groove model study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-330X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikae C. 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