{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:52:31Z","timestamp":1760205151252,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heat generation during the Kirschner wire (K\u2010wire) insertion process, under either unidirectional or oscillatory drilling mode, places bone at risk of thermal osteonecrosis which can lead to infection. There is a lack of quantitative understanding of the heat generation difference between the two drilling modes and knowledge of optimal thrust force level under each mode is missing. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of drilling modes and thrust force levels on the bone drilling outcomes. Controlled machine\u2010based constant thrust force K\u2010wire insertion experiments were conducted with key process parameters monitored and compared quantitatively. Statistical analysis showed that the oscillatory mode consumed 2.6 times more electricity than the unidirectional mode but generated 53% less thermal energy and 23% lower peak temperature. However, the oscillation also led to 18% higher peak torque in the transient drilling stage and 23% shallower drilling depth. The optimal choice of the drilling mode depends on specific surgical needs to minimize bone damage (control of peak temperature vs. exposure time and torque control). Heat generation was dominated by the torque and corresponding rotational power under both modes. To minimize the bone temperature while keeping high drilling speed efficiency, a moderate thrust force is preferred under the unidirectional mode to balance between feed force and compressed debris resistance. For oscillatory mode, a small thrust force to keep the K\u2010wire engaged with the bone is optimal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T12:40:16Z","timestamp":1628858416000},"page":"1301-1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of k\u2010wire insertion using oscillatory and unidirectional drilling modes under constant thrust force"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-9912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie D. R.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Symonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack W.","family":"Weick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"One century of Kirschner wires and Kirschner wire insertion techniques: a historical review","volume":"76","author":"Franssen BB","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of a new point configuration and a modified cross\u2010sectional configuration in Kirschner\u2010wire fixation","author":"Graebe A","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1998.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of point configuration in Kirschner\u2010wire fixation","author":"Namba RS","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2013.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0427-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3944\/AOTT.2014.3074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"The effect of speed, pressure, and time on bone temperature during the drilling of implant sites","volume":"11","author":"Brisman DL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(95)90590-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(99)00155-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519417500828"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMEI.2021.113396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Thermo\u2010mechanical stresses distribution on bone drilling: Numerical and experimental procedures. 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