{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:55:09Z","timestamp":1789736109912,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of orthopedic implant surgeries, such as total knee and hip arthroplasties. Treatment requires additional surgeries because antibiotics have limited efficacy due to biofilm formation and resistant bacterial strains such as methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA). A non\u2010pharmaceutical approach is needed, and examples of this are found in nature; dragonfly and cicada wings are antibacterial because of their nanopillar surface structure rather than their chemistry. Carbon\u2010infiltrated carbon nanotube (CICNT) surfaces exhibit a similar nanopillar structure, and have been shown to facilitate osseointegration, and it is postulated that they might provide a structurally\u2010derived resistance to bacterial proliferation and biofilm formation. The objective of this study was to test the biofilm resistance of CICNT coatings. Two types of CICNT were produced: a vertically aligned CNT forest on a silicon substrate using a layer of iron as the catalyst (CICNT\u2010Si) and a random\u2010oriented CNT forest on stainless steel (SS) substrate using the substrate as the catalyst (CICNT\u2010SS). These were tested against SS and carbon controls. After 48\u2009h in an MRSA biofilm reactor, samples demonstrated that both types of CICNT coatings significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) reduced MRSA biofilm formation by 60%\u201380%. Morphologically, biofilm presence on both types of CICNT was also significantly reduced. Clinical Significance: Results suggest that a CICNT surface modification could be suitable and advantageous for medical devices susceptible to MRSA cell attachment and biofilm proliferation, particularly orthopedic implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T21:24:22Z","timestamp":1635888262000},"page":"1953-1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Structural biofilm resistance of carbon\u2010infiltrated carbon nanotube coatings"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Stephanie R.","family":"Morco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5275-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2326-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton E.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4720-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220152305138774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000214439.95268.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201200528"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4628-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la2010024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b18187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2751405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp308162c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/5\/2\/015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"SkousenDJ. Design exploration and analysis of carbon\u2010infiltrated carbon nanotube vascular stents; ix p. 93;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2014.2312847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Fabrication and testing of planar stent mesh designs using carbon\u2010infiltrated carbon nanotubes","author":"Jones K","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nanotechnol Eng Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2009.2035639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1499746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.05.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm504209u"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/5\/055004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la7012232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S143192760999136X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-9908-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05321-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201001150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.97B2.34554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-017-0442-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150813849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"2470","article-title":"The use of drip flow and rotating disk reactors for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm analysis","author":"Schwartz K","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201202792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.905927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Subtle variations in surface properties of black silicon surfaces influence the degree of bactericidal efficiency","volume":"10","author":"Bhadra CM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomicro Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5034471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"MonroeJ KwonJ BridgewaterL et al.2018. Carbon\u2010infiltrated carbon nanotube coating of titanium stimulates osseointegration in human osteoblasts. Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. New Orleans LA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00442-17"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jor.25206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jor.25206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jor.25206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T20:31:20Z","timestamp":1692822680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jor.25206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jor.25206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.25206","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-0266","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-527X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}