{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:23:22Z","timestamp":1777386202541,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["217382\u201009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217382\u201009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subsynovial connective tissue is an integral component of flexor tendon gliding in the carpal tunnel, which is strained during longitudinal tendon displacement. We tested the effects of repetition frequency and finger load on flexor tendon function throughout active finger movement. Eleven participants performed metacarpophalangeal joint flexion\/extension of the long finger cyclically at three repetition frequencies (0.75, 1.00, 1.25\u2009Hz) and two finger loads (3.5, 7\u2009N). Relative displacement between the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and subsynovial connective tissue was assessed as the shear\u2010strain index with color ultrasound throughout the entire time history of finger flexion and extension. In addition, long finger joint angles were measured with electrogoniometry while flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor digitorum muscle activities were measured with fine\u2010wire electromyography to characterize the finger movements. The shear\u2010strain index increased with greater finger flexion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), representing higher relative displacement between tendon and subsynovial connective tissue; however, no changes were observed throughout finger extension. The shear\u2010strain index also increased with higher repetition frequencies (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) and finger loads (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029), further modulating time\u2010dependent effects during finger flexion versus extension. Using ultrasound, we characterized the time\u2010dependent response of the shear\u2010strain index, in vivo, providing valuable data on flexor tendon function during active finger movement. Our results infer greater subsynovial connective tissue strain and shear during repetitive and forceful finger movements. Future research characterizing time\u2010dependent effects in carpal tunnel syndrome patients may further elucidate the relations between subsynovial connective tissue function, damage, and carpal tunnel syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T09:38:08Z","timestamp":1674553088000},"page":"1661-1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relative motion between the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and subsynovial connective tissue is time dependent"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Kociolek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Health Education Nipissing University  North Bay Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Keir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338533.88960.b9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"727","article-title":"Biomechanical and psychosocial exposures are independent risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome: assessment of confounding using causal diagrams","volume":"73","author":"Harris\u2010Adamson C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0685-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Aboonq MS","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2017021073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90045-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(93)90107-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108964888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193410374412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000239593.55293.c7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116694"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1013575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24540"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.7.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20640"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.4.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","article-title":"Hand anthropometry of U.S. army personnel (Publication # 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