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As such, we sought to benchmark and characterize the biomechanical and histopathological properties with the accompanying gene expression of human rotator cuff tendons as a function of age and histopathological degeneration. All four rotator cuff tendons from fresh human cadaver shoulders underwent biomechanical, histopathological, and gene expression analyses. Following cadaver availability, samples were grouped into Younger (i.e., less than 36 years of age,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092 donors) and Aged (i.e., greater than 55 years of age,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093 donors) as a means of characterizing and quantifying the age\u2010related changes exhibited by the tendons. Biomechanical testing and subsequent computational modeling techniques revealed both differences in properties between tendons and greater Young's moduli in the Younger tendons (supraspinatus 3.06x, infraspinatus 1.76x, subscapularis 1.25x, and teres minor 1.32x). Histopathological scoring using the semi\u2010quantitative Bonar scoring scheme revealed a positive correlation with age across all tendons (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.508,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). These data contextualize the biomechanical and histopathological changes to tendons that occurs naturally with aging, highlighting the innate differences in biomechanical properties of all four rotator cuff tendons, as well as the difference in their degenerative trajectories. Additionally, the histopathological scoring revealed moderate signs of degeneration within the Younger supraspinatus tendons, suggesting tissue quality may decrease in this specific tendon in patients less than 40 years old, before clinical symptoms or tears.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T12:54:52Z","timestamp":1675256092000},"page":"2221-2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biomechanical and histological changes secondary to aging in the human rotator cuff: A preliminary analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin","family":"von Stade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Gadomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, &amp; Pathology Flint Animal Cancer Center Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Easley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie J.","family":"Sikes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Troyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianjian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk","family":"McGilvray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2013.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","article-title":"Rotator cuff repair using a bioresorbable nanofiber interposition scaffold: a biomechanical and histological analysis in sheep","author":"Romeo A","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201707306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20962","article-title":"Production of PGE2increases in tendons subjected to repetitive mechanical loading and induces differentiation of tendon stem cells into non\u2010tenocytes","volume":"28","author":"Zhang J","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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