{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:54:27Z","timestamp":1788836067953,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001511","name":"Auckland Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a rare but devastating complication of joint arthroplasty. Biofilm formation around the prosthesis confers tolerance to antibiotics so that treatment is challenging. Most animal models of PJI use planktonic bacteria to establish the infection which fails to reproduce the pathology of chronic infection. We aimed to establish a rat model of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> PJI in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats using biofilm inocula and demonstrate its tolerance to frontline antibiotics. Pilot studies indicated that infection could be introduced to the knee joint by a biofilm\u2010coated pin but that handling the prosthetic without disturbing the biofilm was difficult. We, therefore, developed a pin with a slotted end and used a miniature\u2010biofilm reactor to develop mature biofilm in this niche. These biofilm\u2010laden pins consistently produced infection of the bone and joint space. Treatment with high dose cefazolin, 250\u2009mg\/kg, starting the day of surgery reduced or cleared pin\u2010adherent bioburden within 7 days, however when escalation from 25\u00a0to 250\u2009mg\/kg cefazolin treatment was delayed for 48\u2009h, rats were unable to clear the infection. To track infections, we used bioluminescent bacteria, however, the bioluminescent signal did not accurately track the degree of infection in the bone and joint space as the signal did not penetrate the bone. In conclusion, we demonstrate that using a custom prosthetic pin, we can generate biofilm in a specific niche using a novel bioreactor setup and initiate a rat PJI that rapidly develops tolerance to supra\u2010clinical doses of cefazolin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T06:23:55Z","timestamp":1683095035000},"page":"2462-2473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rat model of recalcitrant prosthetic joint infection using biofilm inocula"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Stuart","family":"Irwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Auckland Auckland New 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