{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:14:46Z","timestamp":1788974086281,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013769","name":"Orthopaedic Trauma Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nonunion and segmental bone defects are complex issues in orthopedic trauma. The use of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), as part of a cell\u2010based therapy for bone healing is a promising approach. In preclinical studies, culture medium (CM) is commonly used to deliver EPCs to the defect site, which has the potential for immunogenicity in humans. The goal of this study was to find an effective and clinically translatable delivery medium for EPCs. Accordingly, this study compared EPCs delivered in CM, phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS), platelet\u2010poor plasma (PPP), and platelet\u2010rich plasma\u00a0(PRP) in a rat model of femoral critical\u2010size defects. Fischer 344 rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935) were divided into six groups: EPC+CM,\u00a0EPC+PBS, EPC+PPP, EPC+PRP, PPP\u00a0alone, and PRP alone. A 5\u2009mm mid\u2010diaphyseal defect was created in the right femur and stabilized with a miniplate. The defect was filled with a gelatin scaffold impregnated with the corresponding treatment. Radiographic, microcomputed tomography and biomechanical analyses were performed. Overall, regardless of the delivery medium, groups that received EPCs had higher radiographic scores and union rates, higher bone volume, and superior biomechanical properties compared to groups treated with PPP or PRP alone. There were no significant differences in any outcomes between EPC subgroups or between PPP and PRP alone. These results suggest that EPCs are effective in treating segmental defects in a rat model of critical\u2010size defects regardless of the delivery medium used. Consequently, PBS could be the optimal medium for delivering EPCs, given its low cost, ease of preparation, accessibility, noninvasiveness, and nonimmunogenic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T08:14:40Z","timestamp":1688717680000},"page":"193-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimal delivery of endothelial progenitor cells in a rat model of critical\u2010size bone defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Godbout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital\u2014Unity Health Toronto University of Toronto Toronto Ontario 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