{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:10:32Z","timestamp":1790705432203,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Musculoskeletal infections (MSKI), which are a major problem in orthopedics, occur when the pathogen eludes or overwhelms the host immune system. While effective vaccines and immunotherapies to prevent and treat MSKI should be possible, fundamental knowledge gaps in our understanding of protective, nonprotective, and pathogenic host immunity are prohibitive. We also lack critical knowledge of how host immunity is affected by the microbiome, implants, prior infection, nutrition, antibiotics, and concomitant therapies, autoimmunity, and other comorbidities. To define our current knowledge of these critical topics, a Host Immunity Section of the 2023 Orthopaedic Research Society MSKI International Consensus Meeting (ICM) proposed 78 questions. Systematic reviews were performed on 15 of these questions, upon which recommendations with level of evidence were voted on by the 72 ICM delegates, and another 12 questions were voted on with a recommendation of \u201cUnknown\u201d without systematic reviews. Two questions were transferred to another ICM Section, and the other 45 were tabled for future consideration due to limitations of available human resources. Here we report the results of the voting with internet access to the questions, recommendations, and rationale from the systematic reviews. Eighteen questions received a consensus vote of \u226590%, while nine recommendations failed to achieve this threshold. Commentary on why consensus was not achieved on these questions and potential ways forward are provided to stimulate specific funding mechanisms and research on these critical MSKI host defense questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T14:05:27Z","timestamp":1702735527000},"page":"518-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The 2023 Orthopaedic Research Society's International Consensus Meeting on musculoskeletal infection: Summary from the host immunity section"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4854-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward M.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8212-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan K.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald J.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L. de Mesy","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Botros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Cassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Biomedical Engineering Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0933-6806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Chisari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Hip and Knee Joint Reconstruction Rothman Orthopaedic Institute Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora C.","family":"Cora\u00e7a\u2010Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ResearchLaboratory for Implant Associated Infections (Biofilm Lab) \u2010 University Hospital for Orthopedics and Traumatology Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Daiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-3717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University Redwood City California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janette","family":"Harro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis University of Maryland School of Dentistry Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel B.","family":"Ivashkiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Kates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia N. 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