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The aim of this study was to evaluate muscle forces and glenohumeral joint translations during elevation in the presence of isolated and combined full\u2010thickness rotator cuff tears. Eight fresh\u2010frozen upper limbs were mounted to a computer\u2010controlled testing apparatus that simulated joint motion by simulated muscle force application. Scapular\u2010plane abduction was performed, and glenohumeral joint translations were measured using an optoelectronic system. Testing was performed in the native shoulder, a following an isolated tear to the supraspinatus, as well as combined tears involving the supraspinatus and subscapularis, as well as supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor. Rotator cuff tears significantly increased middle deltoid force at 30\u00b0, 60\u00b0, and 90\u00b0 of abduction relative to that in the native shoulder (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Significantly greater superior translations were observed relative to the intact shoulder due to combined tears to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus at 30\u00b0 of abduction (mean increase: 1.6\u2009mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.020) and 60\u00b0 of abduction (mean increase: 4.8\u2009mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040). This study illustrates the infraspinatus\u2010teres minor complex as a major humeral head depressor and contributor to glenohumeral joint stability. An increase in deltoid force during abduction occurs in the presence of rotator cuff tears, which exacerbates superior migration of the humeral head. The findings may help in the development of clinical tests in rotator cuff tear diagnostics, in surgical planning of rotator cuff repair, and in planning of targeted rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T13:21:12Z","timestamp":1718198472000},"page":"2131-2139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Muscle and joint function in the rotator cuff deficient shoulder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Angus","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashen","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville 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