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We developed an in vitro system to study\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm interactions with primary human monocytes in the absence of planktonic bacteria. In line with previous in vivo data,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm induced expression of inflammatory genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>TNF<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and their anti\u2010inflammatory counter\u2010regulator\n                    <jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm also activated expression of PD\u20101 ligands, and IL\u20101RA, molecules that have the potential to suppress T cell function or differentiation of protective Th17 cells. Gene induction did not require monocyte:biofilm contact and was mediated by a soluble factor(s) produced by biofilm\u2010encased bacteria that was heat resistant and &gt;3\u2009kD in size. Activation of suppressive genes by biofilm was sensitive to suppression by Jak kinase inhibition. These results support an evolving paradigm that biofilm plays an active role in modulating immune responses, and suggest this occurs via production of a soluble vita\u2010pathogen\u2010associated molecular pattern, a molecule that signals microbial viability. Induction of T cell suppressive genes by\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm provides insights into mechanisms that can suppress T cell immunity in PJI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T02:19:21Z","timestamp":1719281961000},"page":"2582-2592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Staphyloccocus aureus<\/i>\n                    biofilm, in absence of planktonic bacteria, produces factors that activate counterbalancing inflammatory and immune\u2010suppressive genes in human monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard D.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Research Institute Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Abrefi","family":"Cann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Research Institute Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bikash","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program Weill Cornell Medicine New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Research Institute Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Research Institute Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Research Institute Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Research Institute Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroplasty Laboratory Hospital for Special Surgery New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Bostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroplasty Laboratory Hospital for Special Surgery 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