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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on muscle atrophy. The study design is a controlled laboratory study. Eighty rats (56 to establish the deltoid muscle atrophy [DMA] model and 24 to evaluate the effect of EMS on the model) were used. DMA was induced by completely immobilizing the right shoulder of each rat by placing sutures between the scapula and humeral shaft, with the left shoulder as a control. After establishing the DMA model, rats were randomly assigned into three groups: low\u2010frequency EMS (L\u2010EMS, 10\u2009Hz frequency), medium\u2010frequency EMS (M\u2010EMS, 50\u2009Hz frequency), and control (eight rats per group). After 3 weeks, the deltoid muscles of each rat were harvested, alterations in gene expression and muscle cell size were evaluated, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. DMA was most prominent 3 weeks after shoulder immobilization. Murf1 and Atrogin were significantly induced at the initial phase and gradually decreased at approximately 3 weeks; however, MyoD expressed an inverse relationship with Murf1 and Atrogin. IL6 expression was prominent at 1 week. The time point for the EMS effect evaluation was selected at 3 weeks, when the DMA was the most prominent with a change in relevant gene expression. The M\u2010EMS group cell size was significantly larger than that of L\u2010EMS and control group in both the immobilized and intact shoulders (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), without significant differences between the L\u2010EMS and control groups. The M\u2010EMS group showed significantly lower mRNA expressions of Murf1 and Atrogin and higher expressions of MyoD and Col1A1 than that of the control group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In immunohistochemical analysis, similar results were observed with lower Atrogin staining and higher MyoD and Col1A1 staining in the M\u2010EMS group. DMA model was established by complete shoulder immobilization, with the most prominent muscle atrophy observed at 3 weeks. M\u2010EMS improved DMA with changes in the expression of relevant genes. M\u2010EMS might be a solution for strengthening atrophied skeletal muscles and facilitating rehabilitation after trauma or surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T11:09:23Z","timestamp":1722769763000},"page":"2634-2645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of electrical muscle stimulation on the improvement of deltoid muscle atrophy in a rat shoulder immobilization model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jeongkun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Konkuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Konkuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1514-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuntae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Konkuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8221-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok Won","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine Konkuk University Seoul 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