{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:07:37Z","timestamp":1779289657936,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rotator cuff tear is a common disease, and surgical repair is often conducted, but the re\u2010tear rate after surgery is still high. Mechanical stress is the key factor that promotes tendon healing, but the optimal exercise protocol to induce rotator cuff healing is unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of postoperative exercise initiation timing on tendon healing and muscle degeneration after rotator cuff tear and reconstruction by controlling the shoulder joint motion with immobilization and exercise intervention. A total of 110 Wistar rats were used in this study and the supraspinatus tendon tear and reconstruction were performed. Animals were divided into five groups: (1) Sham surgery (Sham), (2) Cage activity (CA), (3) Immobilization (IM), (4) Immobilization\u2009+\u2009Early exercise (IM\u2009+\u2009EE), (5) Immobilization\u2009+\u2009Delayed exercise (IM\u2009+\u2009DE). At postoperative 3 and 6 weeks, the specimens were harvested for histological analysis and biomechanical testing. At 3 weeks, histological analysis using the Movin score was significantly higher in the IM\u2009+\u2009EE group compared to the IM group. Also, fiber arrangement was significantly higher in the CA, IM\u2009+\u2009DE group compared to the IM group. At 6 weeks, IM\u2009+\u2009EE had higher vascularity than the IM group and decreased collagen stainability than the IM\u2009+\u2009DE group. The results of biomechanical testing showed no significant differences between Sham and IM\u2009+\u2009EE at 3 weeks and Sham and IM at 6 weeks. Our results suggested that intermittent exercise under immobilization, particularly intermediate\u2010intensity exercise intervention such as treadmill exercise from the inflammatory phase, was shown to delay the tendon healing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.70084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:37:28Z","timestamp":1761975448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise Initiation After Surgical Reconstruction for Rat Rotator Cuff Injury Affects Tendon Healing and Muscle Preservation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8115-0419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruna","family":"Misuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health, Medicine, and Welfare Saitama Prefectural University Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaichi","family":"Ozone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moe","family":"Yoneno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health, Medicine, and Welfare Saitama Prefectural University Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuna","family":"Usami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health, Medicine, and Welfare Saitama Prefectural University Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Takahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Minegishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Course, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences Nihon Institute of Medical Science Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology Meiji University Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6676-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanori","family":"Kokubun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health, Medicine, and Welfare Saitama Prefectural University Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Social Services Saitama Prefectural University Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510397171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509359679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511413372"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Rehabilitation After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair\u2010Current Concepts Review and Evidence\u2010Based Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Meijden O. 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