{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T19:19:21Z","timestamp":1792351161115,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) remains a major problem after trauma and elective orthopedic surgery. Chronic MSKI is related to the formation of biofilm, which impairs diagnosis and effective treatments. Therefore, to understand and communicate global standards and best practices, the 2025 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) on MSKI created a Biofilm Section to address crucial aspects of biofilm biology pertaining to its mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion, and potential approaches to overcome them. This featured a 2\u2010year process, with final voting and discussion on May 8\u201310, 2025, in Istanbul, Turkey. This Consensus Article is the effort of the Biofilm Basic Mechanisms Workgroup, which interpreted the results on ICM questions related to (1) the infectious microenvironment; (2) appropriate inocula in preclinical research; (3) biofilm behavior in infected tissues; and (4) synergy within biofilms and with other comorbidities. Collectively, we find that this field has the necessary research tools to discover the pathophysiology of orthopedic implant\u2010associated biofilm development and maturation, perform clinically relevant studies in animal models, and elucidate mechanisms that allow opportunistic infections in compromised tissues and patients with other health issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T01:44:46Z","timestamp":1767923086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["2025 International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection: Summary From the Biofilm Workgroup on Biofilm Formation, Persistence, and Host\u2010Environment Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowrishankar","family":"Muthukrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics University of Rochester Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora C.","family":"Cora\u00e7a\u2010Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Innsbruck, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald J.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedic and Trauma Research, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide 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