{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:35:20Z","timestamp":1769686520669,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    End\u2010stage osteoarthritis (OA) alters bone density in the humeral head, complicating implant fixation during stemless shoulder arthroplasty. Current preoperative assessments fail to consider the mechanical properties of bone directly supporting the humeral component. While in\u2010scan phantom calibration is used to determine volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), phantoms are rarely used clinically. An internal density calibration method has been developed, but not yet applied in the proximal humerus. This study examined correlations between phantom and internal density calibration, and between vBMD and estimated stiffness in the proximal humerus. Nonpathologic cadaveric CT images containing a K\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    HPO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    phantom were used to analyze a 10\u2009mm region of interest below the anatomic neck. Phantom calibration was performed. Internal calibration used air (A), adipose (Ad), skeletal muscle (M), and cortical bone (C) in three combinations (AAdCM, ACM, AAdC). Finite element models (FEMs) were generated from each. Strong correlations were observed between phantom\u2010 and internally calibrated vBMD (AAdC\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.80; AAdCM\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.88; ACM\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.90), with ACM showing the lowest error (9.98%). Estimated stiffness and vBMD were strongly correlated across calibrations (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00b2\u2009=\u20090.61\u20130.66), with ACM showing the lowest error (5.46%). Findings support internal calibration for determining vBMD and FEMs for estimating stiffness in the proximal humerus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.70143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:24:51Z","timestamp":1768541091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Internal Density Calibration in the Proximal Humerus to Estimate Bone Stiffness for Stemless Shoulder Arthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1270-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00eb K.A.","family":"Stiles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology and Health Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryn E.","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George S.","family":"Athwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack P.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology and Health Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clark R.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology and Health Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2930-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven K.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolas K.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology and Health Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/aoj-22-53"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4230\/DFU.SCIVIZ.2010.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sart.2023.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2021.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.08.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-014-0312-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"T. 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