{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:55:35Z","timestamp":1781078135621,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rotator cuff (RC) tears frequently involve the supraspinatus (SSP) muscle, which consists of anterior and posterior subregions with distinct functional roles. As tear size progresses, it remains unclear how force from these subregions transmits to the RC tendon stump. This study examined strain distribution across SSP tendon stump regions during isolated and subregion\u2010specific muscle loading under increasing tear sizes. Eight fresh\u2010frozen male cadaveric shoulders (mean age: 63 years) were tested. The humerus was fixed at 45\u00b0 abduction, and the SSP muscle (whole, anterior, or posterior) was loaded (80\u2009N, 60\u2009N, and 20\u2009N, respectively). The infraspinatus and subscapularis were concurrently loaded to preserve physiological balance. Tear models were defined anatomically: Tear\u2010I involved the anterior half of the superior facet; Tear\u2010II encompassed the full superior facet; Tear\u2010III extended into the middle facet. Strain was measured across the intertubercular groove, superior facet, middle facet, and on the anterior and posterior borders of the tears using 3D\u2010digital image correlation. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Friedman test with Bonferroni correction. Whole\u2010muscle and anterior SSP loading showed uniform strain in the intact and Tear\u2010I states but elevated intertubercular groove strain in Tear\u2010II and Tear\u2010III. Posterior SSP loading led to a significantly higher strain in the middle facet across all conditions, particularly in Tear\u2010III. Strain distributions shifted anteriorly in larger tears, disrupting anterior\u2010posterior force couple balance. These findings show that progressive SSP tears alter strain transmission, revealing mechanical risk zones by subregion and tear size, with implications for targeted repair and muscle compensation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.70147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T15:20:17Z","timestamp":1768749617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Progressive Rotator Cuff Tears Alter Strain Across Footprint and Tear Borders: Subregion\u2010Specific Loading Reveals Size\u2010Dependent Mechanical Risk Zones"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Kyosuke","family":"Hoshikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering UT San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering UT San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nariyuki","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences Yamagata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics UT San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Giambini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering UT San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1699","article-title":"The Demographic and Morphological Features of Rotator Cuff Disease. 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