{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T18:05:15Z","timestamp":1781287515539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants requiring prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN) may receive intravenous (IV) lipid in the form of soybean oil, fish oil, or a composite lipid emulsion (CLE) (i.e., SMOFlipid\u00ae). Soybean oil lipid\u2010dose restriction is a popular method of treating and reducing the risk of intestinal failure\u2013associated liver disease (IFALD) that may influence dosing strategies of other IV fat emulsions. Here we present 4 infants receiving PN with SMOFlipid\u00ae as their IV lipid source and examine trends in essential fatty\u2010acid status, triglycerides, and dosing strategy. The infants on restricted doses of CLE developed biochemical essential fatty\u2010acid deficiency (EFAD) that resolved with a dosage increase or by transition to a pure fish\u2010oil lipid emulsion. Three of the 4 infants originally prescribed CLE were diagnosed with IFALD and started a pure fish\u2010oil lipid emulsion after treatable causes of cholestasis were excluded. One of the 4 infants presented with hypertriglyceridemia that resolved upon transition to pure fish\u2010oil lipid emulsion. Misapplication of lipid restriction protocols to CLE regimens render infants at risk for EFAD. CLE should be dosed within recommended ranges to prevent EFAD. Restricted protocols warrant close monitoring of essential fatty\u2010acid status in infants receiving prolonged PN, particularly in those with minimal or no enteral intake. Hypertriglyceridemia and cholestasis are known adverse effects of CLE and require monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T06:38:31Z","timestamp":1527662311000},"page":"305-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Essential Fatty Acid Status in Surgical Infants Receiving Parenteral Nutrition With a Composite Lipid Emulsion: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Alexandra N.","family":"Carey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Rudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram P.","family":"Raphael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Gura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Puder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts 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