{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:52:30Z","timestamp":1793973150069,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]],"date-time":"2018-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n This initiative aims to build a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for malnutrition in adults in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) was convened by several of the major global clinical nutrition societies. Empirical consensus was reached through a series of face\u2010to\u2010face meetings, telephone conferences, and e\u2010mail communications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A 2\u2010step approach for the malnutrition diagnosis was selected, that is, first screening to identify at risk status by the use of any validated screening tool, and second, assessment for diagnosis and grading the severity of malnutrition. The malnutrition criteria for consideration were retrieved from existing approaches for screening and assessment. Potential criteria were subjected to a ballot among GLIM participants that selected 3 phenotypic criteria (non\u2010volitional weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass) and 2 etiologic criteria (reduced food intake or assimilation, and inflammation or disease burden). To diagnose malnutrition at least 1 phenotypic criterion and 1 etiologic criterion should be present. Phenotypic metrics for grading severity are proposed. It is recommended that the etiologic criteria be used to guide intervention and anticipated outcomes. The recommended approach supports classification of malnutrition into four etiology\u2010related diagnosis categories.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n A consensus scheme for diagnosing malnutrition in adults in clinical settings on a global scale is proposed. Next steps are to secure endorsements from leading nutrition professional societies, to identify overlaps with syndromes like cachexia and sarcopenia, and to promote dissemination, validation studies, and feedback. The construct should be re\u2010considered every 3\u20135 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T01:01:23Z","timestamp":1535936483000},"page":"32-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":668,"title":["GLIM Criteria for the Diagnosis of Malnutrition: A Consensus Report From the Global Clinical Nutrition Community"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Gordon L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dean's Office and Department of Medicine Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Cederholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Uppsala University, Uppsala, and Theme Aging Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Isabel T.D.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizante"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Christina","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoji","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Department of Surgery Tokyo University School of Medicine Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Higashiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake Toyoake\u2010City Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertrudis Adrianza","family":"de Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty Central University of Venezuela University Hospital of Caracas Chief Nutritional Support Unit Hospital Universitary\/Academic of Caracas University Central of Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Barazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technological and Translational Sciences University of Trieste Ospedale di Cattinara Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Blaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.S.","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Australia and University of Warwick, Warwick, UK; Member Board of Directors Society on Sarcopenia Cachexia and Wasting Disorders"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Crivelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Support Unit San Mart\u00edn Hospital La Plata Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Gramlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Fuchs\u2010Tarlovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department Hospital General de M\u00e9xico Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7782-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schlegel\u2010UW Research Institute for Aging and Department of Kinesiology University of Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisito","family":"Llido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Service St. Luke's Medical Center\u2010Quezon City, Metro\u2010Manila Phillippines Quezon City Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainsley","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Silver Spring, Maryland, and Mt. Carmel West Hospital Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris M.","family":"Mogensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatrics Saint Louis University Hospital St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. 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