{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:58:56Z","timestamp":1784638736372,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NCATS","award":["KL2TR000122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR000122"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS","award":["UL1TR000124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intravenous fish oil (FO) treats pediatric intestinal failure\u2013associated liver disease (IFALD). There are concerns that a lipid emulsion composed of \u03c9\u20103 fatty acids will cause an essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). This study's objective was to quantify the risk for abnormal fatty acid concentrations in children treated with FO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inclusion criteria for this prospective study were children with intestinal failure. Intravenous soybean oil (SO) was replaced with FO for no longer than 6 months. Serum fatty acids were analyzed using linear and logistic models, and compared with age\u2010based norms to determine the percentage of subjects with low and high concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects (n\u00a0=\u00a017) started receiving FO at a median of 3.6 months (interquartile range 2.4\u20139.6 months). Over time, \u03b1\u2010linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic, and Mead acid decreased, whereas docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 for all). Triene\u2010tetraene ratios remained unchanged (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01). Although subjects were 1.8 times more likely to develop a low linoleic acid while receiving FO vs SO (95% CI: 1.4\u20132.3, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), there was not a significant risk for low arachidonic acid. Subjects were 1.6 times more likely to develop high docosahexaenoic acid while receiving FO vs SO; however, this was not significant (95% CI: 0.9\u20132.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.08).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cohort of parenteral nutrition\u2013dependent children, switching from SO to FO led to a decrease in essential fatty acid concentrations, but an EFAD was not evident. Low and high levels of fatty acids developed. Further investigation is needed to clarify if this is clinically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T03:10:55Z","timestamp":1553224255000},"page":"717-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Intravenous Fish Oil and Serum Fatty Acid Profiles in Pediatric Patients With Intestinal Failure\u2013Associated Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Venick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Shew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery Department of Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C. Y.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery Department of Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Reyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara L.","family":"Calkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116633796"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1463"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607117709196","article-title":"Intravenous fish oil and pediatric intestinal failure\u2010associated liver disease: changes in plasma phytosterols, cytokines, and bile acids and erythrocyte fatty acids","volume":"42","author":"Calkins KL","year":"2017","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral 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