{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:48:24Z","timestamp":1780480104154,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal fetal growth is associated with short\u2010term and long\u2010term metabolic dysregulation and susceptibility to obesity\u2010related disorders. Maternal milk, the ideal source of infantile nutrition, protects from metabolic diseases in adulthood. By applying nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, this study investigated the metabolic profile of early human milk\/colostrum (EHM\/C) at the extremes of fetal\u2010growth conditions, which could affect its nutritional value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 98\u00a0mothers delivering 60 appropriate\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (AGA), 19 large\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age (LGA), and 19 intrauterine growth\u2013restricted (IUGR) full\u2010term neonates, milk samples collected on the third to fourth day post partum were examined by NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate data analysis elicited information from NMR spectra and probed to metabolic signatures of EHM\/C.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>LGA and IUGR EHM\/C samples depicted increased content in lactose, citric acid, choline, phosphocholine, and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylglutamine. AGA samples exhibited increased isoleucine and valine. Metabolic pathways involved were valine, leucine\/isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, aminoacyl\u2013transfer RNA biosynthesis, and citrate cycle. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis models were validated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This holistic metabolomics study framed an increased content of certain essential nutrients in EHM\/C samples following the birth of LGA and IUGR infants prone to short\u2010 and long\u2010term metabolic disorders, thus stressing additional benefits of early breastfeeding. Assessing the metabolic profile of EH\u039c\/C enables evaluation of its nutrition value, adjusted to fetal growth, and introduction of appropriate dietary interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T02:20:02Z","timestamp":1580955602000},"page":"1510-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Early Human\u2010Milk Metabolome in Cases of Intrauterine Growth\u2013Restricted and Macrosomic Infants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Despina D.","family":"Briana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalambos","family":"Fotakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology 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