{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:36:20Z","timestamp":1760920580439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":345,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\u201067017\u201027521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201067017\u201027521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001130","name":"Gerber Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\u20101586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u20101586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although human\u2010milk feeding reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants compared with formula feeding, the exact risk\u2010reduction mechanism remains unknown. As NEC occurs at the distal small intestine in which digestion has occurred, we applied proteomics to examine the extent to which colostrum proteins survive simulated infant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2013digestion and, thus, have potential to exert biological function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten preterm colostrum samples were left undigested or <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2013digested, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)\u2010binding protein, soluble cluster of differentiation 14, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors I and II were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay in all undigested and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2013digested samples. Fully differentiated Caco\u20102 cells were exposed to digested colostrum samples before stimulation with LPS or TNF or no stimulation. Inflammation (interleukin\u20108) and cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase) were measured. Proteomic analyses of undigested and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2013digested samples were done using mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that most proteins in colostrum are significantly, if not completely, degraded after <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2013digestion. We found select individual and combination digestion\u2010resistant proteins that were positively correlated with LPS\u2010 and TNF\u2010induced inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate the importance of considering the extent to which specific dietary compounds survive digestion to reach their site of claimed action (distal intestine) and that some digestion\u2010resistant proteins may be contributing toward \u201clow\u2010grade\u201d inflammation that is necessary to promote intestinal growth and maturation during early infancy. This work provides the most detailed understanding of human\u2010milk protein degradation with simulated infant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u2013digestion to date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T11:29:43Z","timestamp":1634988583000},"page":"1119-1129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proteomics analysis reveals digestion\u2010resistant proteins from colostrum are associated with inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in intestinal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences University of Idaho  Moscow Idaho USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bum Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Dallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000341335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000370058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110695"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.640757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001835"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181bab2d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9060759"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199803)174:3<362::AID-JCP10>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-005-0085-6"}],"container-title":["Journal 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