{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:53:34Z","timestamp":1791986014862,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) introduced an approach for malnutrition diagnosis in 2019 that comprised screening followed by assessment of three phenotypic criteria (weight loss, low body mass index [BMI], and low muscle mass) and two etiologic criteria (reduced food intake\/assimilation and inflammation\/disease burden). This planned update reconsiders the GLIM framework based on published knowledge and experience over the past 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A working group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943 members) conducted a literature search spanning 2019\u20132024 using the keywords \u201cGlobal Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition or GLIM.\u201d Prior GLIM guidance activities for using the criteria on muscle mass and inflammation were reviewed. Successive rounds of revision and review were used to achieve consensus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 400 scientific reports were published in peer\u2010reviewed journals, forming the basis of 10 systematic reviews, some including meta\u2010analyses of GLIM validity that indicate strong construct and predictive validity. Limitations and future priorities are discussed. Working group findings suggest that assessment of low muscle mass should be guided by experience and available technological resources. Clinical judgment may suffice to evaluate the inflammation\/disease burden etiologic criterion. No revisions of the weight loss, low BMI, or reduced food intake\/assimilation criteria are suggested. After two rounds of review and revision, the working group secured 100% agreement with the conclusions reported in the 5\u2010year update.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ongoing initiatives target priorities that include malnutrition risk screening procedures, GLIM adaptation to the intensive care setting, assessment in support of the reduced food intake\/assimilation criterion, and determination of malnutrition in obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T05:33:41Z","timestamp":1744608821000},"page":"414-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5\u2010year update"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5223-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dean's Office and Department of Medicine Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Burlington VT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3705-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommy","family":"Cederholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Theme Inflammation &amp; Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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