{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T02:44:31Z","timestamp":1785811471772,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The first 1000 days of life represent a critical window for gut microbiome assembly, with lifelong implications for child growth, immune development, and disease risk. This review synthesizes evidence on maternal, perinatal, and especially nutritional factors that influence early\u2010life intestinal colonization and highlights the consequences of microbial disruptions during this period. In utero exposures and birth\u2010associated factors can profoundly shape microbial development, reducing diversity and beneficial taxa. Nutrition exerts a particularly dominant and modifiable influence: breastfeeding supports Bifidobacterium\u2010rich communities, while formula use and early complementary feeding shape microbiota diversity and metabolic function. Dietary quality, fiber intake, and food diversity are key determinants of microbial maturation and resilience. Undernutrition and inadequate diets contribute to microbial dysbiosis, creating a self\u2010reinforcing cycle of malabsorption, growth failure, and long\u2010term metabolic consequences. Early microbial perturbations are associated with a range of acute and chronic diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis, obesity, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and atopic disorders. Strategies to restore microbial balance require further validation, particularly in nutritionally vulnerable populations. The absence of a universal definition for a \u201chealthy\u201d pediatric microbiome limits the development of targeted interventions. Emerging metrics, such as microbiota\u2010for\u2010age\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010scores and functional microbiome profiling, may help define microbiota maturity and therapeutic efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.70127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T02:00:52Z","timestamp":1785808852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional and environmental determinants of maturation and disruption of the early life gut microbiome: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2033-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly","family":"Burow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy","family":"Shenderey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariha","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyah","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-6059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology &amp; Nutrition Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Microbial Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00768-z","article-title":"Microbiota succession throughout life from the 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