{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:27:55Z","timestamp":1784230075050,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]],"date-time":"2018-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Existing literature indicates a positive relationship between stress and chronic periodontitis (CP) but there is limited information on the combined influence of stress and smoking on the progression of periodontal disease. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of stress, salivary and serum, cortisol and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 levels in smokers with CP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010five patients equally divided into three groups of healthy controls (Group I), smokers and non\u2010smokers with CP (Group 2 and Group 3) respectively were evaluated for clinical parameters, biochemical parameters of salivary and serum cortisol and IL\u20101\u03b2 levels via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Zung's self\u2010rating depression scale questionnaire was used to determine the stress levels amongst the patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smokers with CP exihibited higher values of probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index while lower papillary bleeding index, and gingival index scores as compared to non\u2010smokers with CP. The salivary cortisol and IL\u20101 \u03b2 were relatively higher as compared to serum values in Group 2 than Group 3. The Group 2 patients revealed higher depression scores as compared to Group 3 patients. The depression scores positively and significantly correlated with the salivary cortisol in Group 2 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that smokers with CP exhibit a significantly higher serum and salivary cortisol, IL\u20101\u03b2, and stress levels and thus they may show an increased risk and periodontal disease severity. Further exploration of relationships between periodontitis and stress is required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.18-0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T23:54:28Z","timestamp":1526082868000},"page":"1061-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Evaluation of stress, serum and salivary cortisol, and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 levels in smokers and non\u2010smokers with chronic periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Pranjali V.","family":"Bawankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics &amp; Implantology VSPM Dental College and Research Centre  Nagpur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay P.","family":"Kolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics &amp; Implantology VSPM Dental College and Research 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