{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:02:56Z","timestamp":1790715776439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is hypothesized that levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with type\u20102 diabetes mellitus (type\u20102 DM) than controls (systemically healthy individuals without CP. The aim was to assess the levels of AGEs in the GCF of CP patients with and without type\u20102 DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were divided into three groups as follows. Group\u20101: Patients with type\u20102 DM and CP; group\u20102: Non\u2010diabetic individuals with CP; group\u20103: Non\u2010diabetic individuals without periodontal diseases. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Full\u2010mouth plaque\u2010index (PI), bleeding\u2010on\u2010probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and marginal\u2010bone\u2010loss (MBL) were assessed. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. The GCF was collected and levels of AGEs were assessed using standard techniques. Group comparisons were performed and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety\u2010four individuals (32, 31, and 31 individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were included. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in group\u20101 than groups 2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;0.05) and 3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;0.05). The mean age of individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 55.2, 51.5, and 50.7 years, respectively. The mean duration of type\u20102 DM among individuals in group\u20101 was 8.2 years (7 to 10 years). Levels of AGEs were detected in all the patients. The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group\u20101 (521.9 pg\/mL [428.5 to 569.3 pg\/mL]) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;0.01) than groups 2 (234.84 pg\/mL [216.8 to 318.9 pg\/mL]) and 3 (87.2 pg\/mL [75.2 to 97.8 pg\/mL]). The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group\u20102 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;0.01) than group\u20103 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The GCF levels of AGEs are higher in CP patients with type\u20102 DM compared to systemically healthy individuals with and without periodontal diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.19-0209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T01:54:22Z","timestamp":1565142862000},"page":"396-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Levels of advanced glycation end products in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic periodontitis patients with and without type\u20102 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Zohaib","family":"Akram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Restorative and Rehabilitative Sciences UWA Dental School The University of Western Australia  Crawley WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics School of Dentistry Prince Sattam Bin Abdul\u2010Aziz University  Al\u2010Kharj Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Tabuk  Tabouk Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz A.","family":"Al\u2010Kheraif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomaterials Research Chair Dental Health Department College of Applied Medical 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