{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1772803001499,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine if image enhancement improves a clinician's ability to identify the presence of calculus on digital radiographs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010one hopeless teeth were collected from 34 patients. Teeth were stained with 1% methylene blue, the largest interproximal calculus deposit was scored, and photographs of each interproximal root surface were taken. The surface area of calculus deposit was determined as a percentage of the total interproximal root surface area. Digital radiographs of teeth taken before extraction were modified using the following enhancements: auto\u2010contrast, emboss, invert, and sharpen. Radiographic presence of calculus was determined by two examiners. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each examiner and enhancement. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare differences between the image enhancements in the detection of dental calculus. The kappa statistic was used to compare ratings between examiners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>None of the enhanced images were statistically superior to original images in identifying radiographic calculus (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt; 0.05). The average sensitivity of digital radiography was 50%, average specificity was 82.2%, PPV was 94%, and NPV 23.2%. A threshold of &gt;30% of interproximal root surface covered with calculus and increasing size of deposits were associated with improved detection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Digital enhancements do not significantly improve radiographic detection of dental calculus. As area of calculus on the root surface and size of calculus deposits increased, sensitivity of detection also increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.19-0669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T01:40:50Z","timestamp":1597282850000},"page":"419-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Accuracy of dental calculus detection using digital radiography and image manipulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Jenna C.","family":"Hyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics UT Health San Antonio School of Dentistry  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Deas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics UT Health San Antonio School of Dentistry  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Archontia","family":"Palaiologou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics UT Health San Antonio School of Dentistry  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel E.","family":"Noujeim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private consultant formerly Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology program director UT Health San Antonio  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Mader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Mealey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics UT Health San Antonio School of Dentistry  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1953.24.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1979.50.8.406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1979.tb02185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1990.61.2.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01487.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.2.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1978.49.7.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb02219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Calculus detection tools\u2010 A review","volume":"4","author":"Mangla C","year":"2018","journal-title":"HECS Int J Comm Health Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1990.61.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"The limits of subgingival scaling","volume":"1","author":"Stambaugh RV","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1987.58.11.747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"7S","article-title":"Better imaging, the advantages of digital radiography","volume":"139","author":"Stelt PF","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-09633-1.00004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2005.0051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1975.46.10.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1975.tb01734.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1981.52.3.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"True Random Number generator. random.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345860650031201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"R\u2010bloggers (2019). 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