{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:23:19Z","timestamp":1791904999021,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>GroEL, a bacterial metabolite, is an important stimulator of inflammation. The aim of this study is to confirm the effect of the virulence factor GroEL on differentiation potential of periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells (PDLSCs) and the potential mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PDLSCs were obtained from extracted human premolars. GroEL was administered to osteogenic\u2010 and adipogenic\u2010induced hPDLSCs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin Red staining and Oil Red staining were performed. Gene and protein expression were separately measured by qPCR and Western blotting. The expression and localization of activated signaling factors were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. The inhibitors of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88, an adaptor protein of TLRs), JNK\/MAPK and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling were used to verify their specific effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, we found that GroEL inhibited the osteogenic differentiation and enhanced the adipogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. Next, we found that GroEL increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and GroEL activated JNK\/MAPK and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling, which can be blocked by inhibition of MyD88. Finally, we found that inhibition of MyD88 restored GroEL\u2010induced osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and blocking JNK\/MAPK or NF\u2010\u03baB signaling partly restored GroEL effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the current study, we revealed a potential interaction between bacteria and host cells by showing that GroEL directs the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by the involvement of JNK\/MAPK and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling. This study provides evidence that bacterial products can influence the differentiation of stem cells and reveals potential effect of GroEL on the context of tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.20-0869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T08:02:56Z","timestamp":1619683376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The virulence factor GroEL directs the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells through the involvement of JNK\/MAPK and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu 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