{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:36:09Z","timestamp":1791394569637,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous lines of evidence link periodontal pathobionts and their virulence factors with endothelial damage. Most research has been conducted using single species infections at the exclusion of other periodontal microorganisms that have been identified in vascular tissue. Here, we assessed endothelial infection with either single or mixed periodontal species infection and examined their effect on endothelial damage and permeability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cell surface abundance of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule\u20101\u00a0(PECAM\u20101) or endothelial permeability following infection with <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> subspecies (ssp) <jats:italic>nucleatum<\/jats:italic>, ssp <jats:italic>polymorphum<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic> as single or mixed species infection was determined by flow cytometry and a fluorescent dextran permeability assay. Zebrafish embryos were infected systemically with either single or mixed species with mortality and disease measured over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic> ssp <jats:italic>nucleatum<\/jats:italic>, ssp <jats:italic>polymorphum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> significantly reduced PECAM\u20101 abundance in single species infection, whereas <jats:italic>T. forsythia<\/jats:italic> had no effect. <jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic> ssp <jats:italic>polymorphum<\/jats:italic> caused considerable mortality and morbidity in a zebrafish systemic infection model. Polymicrobial infection underscored the virulence of <jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic> ssp <jats:italic>polymorphum<\/jats:italic> in particular with increased endothelial cell death and reduced PECAM\u20101 abundance in co\u2010infection studies with this organism. When injected systemically into zebrafish in polymicrobial infection, fluorescently labeled bacteria were distributed throughout the vasculature and cardiac region where, in some instances, they co\u2010localized with each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data provide further evidence on the effects of <jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic> on endothelium adhesion molecule abundance and permeability while also highlighting the importance of performing polymicrobial infection to study the molecular mechanisms associated with periodontal pathogen\u2010induced vascular damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.21-0671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T05:48:20Z","timestamp":1653803300000},"page":"1421-1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/i> mediates 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