{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:34:47Z","timestamp":1777293287824,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and periodontitis have long been thought to be biologically connected. Indeed, T1DM is a risk factor for periodontal disease. With the population of diabetic individuals growing, it is more important than ever to understand the negative consequences of diabetes on the periodontium and the mechanisms. The aim of this study was to find out the early effects of T1DM on the periodontium without any experimentally induced periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We established the streptozotocin (STZ)\u2010induced diabetic mouse model and examined the periodontium 8\u00a0weeks later by histology, molecular and cellular assays. Microcomputed tomographic (\ud835\udf07CT) imaging and in vivo fluorochrome labeling were also used to quantify bone volume and mineral apposition rates (MAR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The histologic appearance of epithelium tissue, connective tissue, and periodontal ligament in the diabetic condition was comparable with that of control mice. However, immune cell infiltration in the gingiva was dramatically elevated in the diabetic mice, which was accompanied by unmineralized connective tissue degeneration. Bone resorption activity was significantly increased in the diabetic mice, and quantitative \ud835\udf07CT demonstrated the bone volume, the ratio of bone volume over tissue volume, and cemento\u2010enamel junction to alveolar bone crest (CEJ\u2010ABC) in the diabetic condition were equivalent to those in the control group. In vivo fluorochrome labeling revealed increased MAR and bone remodeling in the diabetic mice. Further investigation found the diabetic mice had more osteoprogenitors recruited to the periodontium, allowing more bone formation to balance the enhanced bone resorption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>STZ\u2010induced T1DM mice, at an early stage, have elevated gingival inflammation and soft tissue degeneration and increased bone resorption; but still the alveolar bone was preserved by recruiting more osteoprogenitor cells and increasing the rate of bone formation. We conclude that inflammation and periodontitis precede alveolar bone deterioration in diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.22-0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T08:09:45Z","timestamp":1658563785000},"page":"277-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Type 1 diabetes mellitus leads to gingivitis and an early compensatory increase in bone remodeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8063-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery School of Medicine Indiana University  Indianapolis Indiana USA"},{"name":"Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health School of Medicine Indiana University  Indianapolis Indiana 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