{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:22:49Z","timestamp":1792110169392,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subgingival dental plaque is an ecosystem playing a key role in supporting both oral health and systemic health. Menopause\u2010related changes have the potential to disrupt its balance, which is crucial to postmenopausal well\u2010being. Our study explored how circulating estradiol levels correlate with subgingival microbial composition using checkerboard DNA\u2010DNA hybridization in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. We also demonstrated that combining this method with 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing insights remains valuable for examining subgingival ecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed 40 bacterial species in 77 premenopausal and 81 postmenopausal women using checkerboard DNA\u2010DNA hybridization and measured serum estradiol with enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Women were categorized by subgingival dysbiosis severity using a modified Subgingival Microbial Dysbiosis Index (mSMDI). Six women from each normobiotic and dysbiotic subgroup across premenopausal and postmenopausal women underwent 16S rRNA sequencing analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DNA checkerboard analysis revealed that most observed variability in individual bacterial proportions is associated with periodontitis. Two species, Leptotrichia buccalis and Streptococcus constellatus, exhibited differences related to estradiol levels within the premenopausal group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.055 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009, respectively). 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the mSMDI's validity in categorizing normobiotic and dysbiotic states. Menopausal status was not associated with a dysbiotic shift in the subgingival microbiome despite significantly more attachment loss in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that decreased estradiol levels or increased attachment loss during menopause are not associated with changes in species abundance or dysbiotic shifts in women. The mSMDI may be a useful tool for classifying subgingival ecology based on its normobiotic or dysbiotic inclination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The microorganisms in the oral cavity, particularly those around the teeth and gums, form a complex community known as subgingival plaque. This ecosystem is crucial for maintaining both gum health and systemic health. While disease\u2010related (dysbiotic) subgingival plaque causes gum disease (periodontitis), periodontitis further sustains a dysbiotic subgingival plaque microbial environment. Factors such as hormone levels can potentially influence the balance between health and disease\u2010related subgingival plaque microorganisms. We investigated whether blood estradiol levels in women affect the abundance of specific bacteria in subgingival plaque and whether menopause alters the microbial balance in this community. We found that two bacterial species, <jats:italic>Leptotrichia buccalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus constellatus<\/jats:italic>, were positively associated with estradiol levels, but only in premenopausal women. Despite postmenopausal women having more severe periodontitis, their subgingival microbiome did not exhibit more dysbiotic characteristics than that of premenopausal women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.24-0267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T10:12:07Z","timestamp":1720951927000},"page":"97-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Subgingival microbial profiles in pre\u2010 and postmenopausal women: Associations with serum estradiol levels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0568-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nil","family":"Yakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The ADA Forsyth Institute  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busra","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4869-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnur","family":"Emingil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsute","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The ADA Forsyth Institute  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guven","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alpdogan","family":"Kantarci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The ADA Forsyth Institute  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201017019\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399\u2010302X.2009.00509.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2380084420948779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519846113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201006646\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S340491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211035775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905\u2010021\u201001480\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23\u20100124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.6.610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17\u20100721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399\u2010302x.2004.00168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baq013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00187\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v7.28934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010019\u20100209\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201017041\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u2010051x.1998.tb02419.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519860449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.080057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010021\u201001828\u20101"}],"container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/JPER.24-0267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T11:03:43Z","timestamp":1760871823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/JPER.24-0267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/JPER.24-0267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jper.24-0267","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3492","1943-3670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3492","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-3670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}