{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:35:06Z","timestamp":1788478506165,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of sexual dimorphism (SD) in the clinical manifestation of plaque\u2010induced periodontal inflammation by analyzing the association between patient\u2010related factors and the full\u2010mouth prevalence of bleeding on probing (BOP%) within 2 cohorts of male and female individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on BOP (dichotomously recorded as present\/absent after the assessment of probing depth [PD]) were retrospectively obtained from the files of adult patients undergoing a first periodontal visit at a University center. Two multiple regression models (1 for males, 1 for females) were built with BOP% as the dependent variable and patient\u2010related factors (i.e., age; smoking status; daily cigarette consumption; history of diabetes diagnosis; number of teeth present; proportion of sites with PD \u2265 5\u00a0mm around teeth) as independent variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In males (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0212), BOP% was 5.9% lower in smokers compared to non\u2010smokers (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.021). In females (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0389), BOP% increased by 1.6% for each 10\u2010year increase in age (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.046). The proportion of sites with PD \u2265 5\u00a0mm showed a strongly significant, positive association with BOP% irrespective of biological sex (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SD manifested as a sex\u2010dependent diversity in the association between patient\u2010related factors and periodontal inflammation expressed as BOP%. While smoking determined a lower BOP% only in males, aging was associated with increased BOP% only in females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gingival bleeding upon mechanical stimulation of the bottom of the gingival sulcus\/pocket with a periodontal probe (bleeding on probing [BOP]) is suggestive of the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate induced by dental plaque within the gingival tissue. The prevalence of BOP within the dentition (BOP%) has a diagnostic relevance, being one of the main parameters to discriminate between periodontal health and disease. Also, BOP% informs the probability for a patient to either develop destructive form of periodontal disease (i.e., periodontitis) or manifest periodontitis progression. Based on the documented influence of biological sex on the incidence, traits, and\/or progression rate of several diseases, which goes under the name of sexual dimorphism (SD), the effect of SD was investigated in relation to the factors that were previously associated with BOP% in a cohort of patients with heterogeneous periodontal conditions undergoing their first periodontal visit. Interestingly, SD manifested as a sex\u2010dependent diversity in the association between patient\u2010related factors and periodontal inflammation expressed by BOP%. While smoking determined a lower BOP% only in males, aging was associated with increased BOP% only in females. The present findings may find potential applications in personalized periodontal medicine and inspire future studies in this field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.24-0466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T12:48:06Z","timestamp":1738673286000},"page":"346-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sexual dimorphism in periodontal inflammation: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Farina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for the Study of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy"},{"name":"Operative Unit of Dentistry University\u2010Hospital of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2332-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Simonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for the Study of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy"},{"name":"Operative Unit of Dentistry University\u2010Hospital of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Institute of Odontology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Ioannidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Sciences School of Dentistry University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trombelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for the Study of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy"},{"name":"Operative Unit of Dentistry University\u2010Hospital of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426697"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5217506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010genet\u2010120215\u2010035429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246\u2010018\u20100185\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883\u2010019\u20100796\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010031\u201035139\u20106_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH).Consideration of sex as a biological variable in NIH\u2010funded research.2015. 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