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Participants underwent an oral examination, and blood and stimulated saliva were collected. In addition, CSF samples were collected from patients but not controls. Levels of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, IL\u201017A, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) were analyzed by multiplex immunoassays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increased salivary levels of IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201010, and IL\u201017A were found in MCI compared to controls, while in plasma increased IL\u20108 levels were seen in all 3 patient groups compared to controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). TNF\u2010\u03b1 plasma levels were higher in SCD and AD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). IL\u201017A levels in CSF were higher in participants with no\/mild periodontitis compared to generalized periodontitis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.023). Participants with severe periodontitis showed higher levels of IL\u20108 both in saliva (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.027) and plasma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), as well as higher TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels in plasma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.041).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammation markers could indicate an increased risk for cognitive decline, especially in cases of more severe periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain language summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence has indicated an association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment. Hence, this study investigated whether inflammatory markers in saliva, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid are associated with cognitive decline. Cases with mild or more severe signs of cognitive impairment had more signs of periodontal disease. Levels of some, but not all, inflammation markers were elevated among patients compared to cognitively healthy controls. Oral inflammation could indicate an increased risk for cognitive decline, and chronic inflammation may act as a common pathway. Early periodontal intervention and maintaining oral health may contribute to cognitive well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T11:03:12Z","timestamp":1762772592000},"page":"919-928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association of periodontal inflammation and inflammatory markers with cognitive dysfunction: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"K\u00e5re","family":"Buhlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology Institute of Odontology Karolinska Institutet  Huddinge Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Eriksdotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Center for Alzheimer Research Division of Clinical Geriatrics Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Theme Inflammation and Aging Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Jansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology Institute of Odontology Karolinska Institutet  Huddinge Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology Public Dental Care Service at Eastmaninstitutet Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirkko J.","family":"Pussinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Dentistry University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Schultzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Center for Alzheimer Research Division of Neurogeriatrics Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Lira\u2010Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet  Huddinge Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12429"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-07015-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231167805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16897-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1026260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau3333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2016.1167244"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00124-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization(1992).The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 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