{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:57:43Z","timestamp":1784077063372,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010393","name":"School of Dentistry, University of Maryland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging evidence supports a bidirectional link between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To investigate this relationship, experimental models commonly use dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. However, DSS is presumed to selectively affect the colon, and its potential off\u2010target effects on the oral cavity remain poorly understood. We examined whether DSS disrupts oral health, potentially confounding oral\u2013gut axis research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>C57BL\/6 mice received 2% DSS in drinking water for 8 days, followed by 2 days of untreated water. Colitis severity was assessed by weight loss, colon length, histopathology, and quantitative real\u2010time\u2013polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR). Oral health was evaluated via micro\u2013computed tomography (micro\u2010CT) analysis of alveolar bone, gingival histology, cytokine expression, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the oral microbiome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DSS induced hallmark features of colitis, including weight loss, colon shortening, epithelial crypt damage, and mucosal inflammation. Strikingly, DSS also induced significant oral pathology, including alveolar bone loss, gingival epithelial hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltration, and upregulated gingival pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL] \u20106, IL\u201017, tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha [TNF\u2010\u03b1]). DSS further altered the oral microbiota causing reduced alpha\u2010diversity and a dysbiotic shift, with enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus danieliae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and depletion of commensals such as\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus murinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium ASF502<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These microbial changes were accompanied by upregulated pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress response, and environmental sensing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DSS induces periodontal inflammation and oral dysbiosis, independent of colitis. These findings expose a critical confounder in oral\u2013gut axis models and highlight the need to include DSS\u2010only or periodontitis\u2010only controls and alternative models to accurately distinguish systemic effects of DSS from true oral\u2013gut interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain language summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows that dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a chemical used to model gut inflammation in mice, also causes gum disease\u2010like changes\u2014including bone loss, inflammation, and changes in oral bacteria. These findings reveal that DSS alone can affect the mouth and may confound studies investigating links between gum disease and inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the need for better\u2010controlled models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:46:45Z","timestamp":1765284405000},"page":"834-848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dextran sodium sulfate confounds causal role of periodontitis in inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Himanshi","family":"Tanwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeba Mercy","family":"Gnanasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niyant","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Plotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Biorepository Shared Service University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Baima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences C.I.R. Dental School University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5922-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Costalonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences School of Dentistry University of Minnesota  Minneapolis USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenfen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanping","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyam","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Dentistry University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Pierre","family":"Raufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland Medical Center  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Thumbigere\u2010Math","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0325"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000438356.84263.3b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01231.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dst037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07182-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1525s104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394596-9.00009-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12909"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211049781"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00136-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13759"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlife.2025.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231222173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01222-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Mouse oral microbiome database (MOMD).2022. 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