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OTM was simulated using a closed\u2010coil spring on the maxillary right first molar. The surrounding tissues\u2014alveolar bone and periodontal ligament\u2014of both the moved tooth and the contralateral (control) tooth were analyzed 5 and 10 days post\u2010OTM using micro\u2010CT, reverse\u2010transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010qPCR), and immunohistochemistry. Root resorption, testosterone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone plasmatic levels were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both testosterone deficiency and high\u2010dose AAS lead to significant changes in bone microarchitecture, resulting in reduced trabecular thickness, decreased bone connectivity, and bone lacunae. Testosterone dysfunction was associated with greater rotation and intrusion of the moved tooth. High\u2010dose AAS intensified the inflammatory infiltrate and root resorption. Moreover, testosterone dysfunction altered the expression of key genes involved in bone metabolism, including Runx2, Bmp2, Spp1, and Bglap. The Rank\/Rankl\/Opg pathway was also deregulated due to testosterone disturbances. AAS at replacement doses did not normalize the inflammatory infiltrate, OTM, and the expression of the studied genes to control levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testosterone dysfunction whether from deficiency or high\u2010dose AAS exposure negatively impacts OTM, increasing bone resorption and promoting inflammation, potentially leading to long\u2010term consequences for bone health and periodontal support. AAS at replacement doses may also impact PDL and bone during OTM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T10:38:37Z","timestamp":1769423917000},"page":"1758-1772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of testosterone and high\u2010dose anabolic steroids on orthodontic\u2010induced bone remodeling and root resorption: An animal study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Caio Luiz Bitencourt","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"School of Dentistry Federal University of Alfenas  Minas Gerais 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