{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:05:02Z","timestamp":1783814702338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infections in early childhood have been associated with risk of celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated whether this is driven by susceptibility genes for autoimmune disease by comparing infection frequency by genetic susceptibility variants for CD or T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We genotyped 373 controls and 384 children who developed CD or T1D in the population\u2010based Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (MoBa) study for human leukocyte antigen\u00a0(HLA)\u2010DQ, <jats:italic>FUT2, SH2B3<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PTPN22<\/jats:italic>, and calculated a weighted non\u2010HLA genetic risk score (GRS) for CD and T1D based on over 40 SNPs. Parents reported infections in questionnaires when children were 6 and 18 months old. We used negative binomial regression to estimate incidence rate ratio (IRR) for infections by genotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HLA genotypes for CD and T1D or non\u2010HLA GRS for T1D were not associated with infections. The non\u2010HLA GRS for CD was associated with a nonsignificantly lower frequency of infections (aIRR: 0.95, 95%\u00a0CI: 0.87\u22121.03 per weighted allele score), and significantly so when restricting to healthy controls (aIRR: 0.89, 0.81\u22120.99). Participants homozygous for rs601338(A;A) at <jats:italic>FUT2<\/jats:italic>, often referred to as nonsecretors, had a nonsignificantly lower risk of infections (aIRR: 0.91, 95%\u00a0CI: 0.83\u22121.01).\u00a0<jats:italic>SH2B3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PTPN22<\/jats:italic> genotypes were not associated with infections. The association between infections and risk of CD (OR: 1.15 per five infections) was strengthened after adjustment for HLA genotype and non\u2010HLA GRS (OR: 1.24).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HLA variants and non\u2010HLA GRS conferring susceptibility for CD were not associated with increased risk of infections in early childhood and is unlikely to drive the observed association between infections and risk of CD or T1D in many studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T10:04:59Z","timestamp":1702721099000},"page":"295-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genotypes predisposing for celiac disease and autoimmune diabetes and risk of infections in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Ketil","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric 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